Object-oriented Scientific Computing Library: Version 0.910
constants.h
00001 /*
00002   -------------------------------------------------------------------
00003   
00004   Copyright (C) 2006-2012, Andrew W. Steiner
00005   
00006   This file is part of O2scl.
00007   
00008   O2scl is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
00009   it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
00010   the Free Software Foundation; either version 3 of the License, or
00011   (at your option) any later version.
00012   
00013   O2scl is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
00014   but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
00015   MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
00016   GNU General Public License for more details.
00017   
00018   You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
00019   along with O2scl. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
00020 
00021   -------------------------------------------------------------------
00022 */
00023 #ifndef O2SCL_CONSTANTS_H
00024 #define O2SCL_CONSTANTS_H
00025 
00026 #include <cmath>
00027 #include <gsl/gsl_nan.h>
00028 
00029 /** \brief GSL constants in CGS units 
00030 
00031     \note electron, neutron, proton, and atomic mass have been updated
00032     with CODATA 2010 values. Also electron charge, gravitational constant,
00033     plancks_constant_hbar, are updated.
00034 */
00035 namespace gsl_cgs {
00036   /// cm
00037   const double schwarzchild_radius=2.95325008e5;
00038   /// cm / s
00039   const double speed_of_light=2.99792458e10;
00040   /// cm^3 / g s^2
00041   const double gravitational_constant=6.67384e-8;
00042   /// g cm^2 / s
00043   const double plancks_constant_h=6.62606876e-27;
00044   /// g cm^2 / s
00045   const double plancks_constant_hbar=1.054571726e-27;
00046   /// cm
00047   const double astronomical_unit=1.49597870691e13;
00048   /// cm
00049   const double light_year=9.46053620707e17;
00050   /// cm
00051   const double parsec=3.08567758135e18;
00052   /// cm / s^2
00053   const double grav_accel=9.80665e2;
00054   /// g cm^2 / s^2
00055   const double electron_volt=1.602176487e-12;
00056   /// g
00057   const double mass_electron=9.10938291e-28;
00058   /// g
00059   const double mass_muon=1.88353109e-25;
00060   /// g
00061   const double mass_proton=1.672621777e-24;
00062   /// g
00063   const double mass_neutron=1.674927351e-24;
00064   /// g cm^2 / s^2
00065   const double rydberg=2.17987190389e-11;
00066   /// g cm^2 / K s^2
00067   const double boltzmann=1.3806503e-16;
00068   /// g cm^2 / K mol s^2
00069   const double molar_gas=8.314472e7;
00070   /// cm^3 / mol
00071   const double standard_gas_volume=2.2710981e4;
00072   /// s
00073   const double minute=6e1;
00074   /// s
00075   const double hour=3.6e3;
00076   /// s
00077   const double day=8.64e4;
00078   /// s
00079   const double week=6.048e5;
00080   /// cm
00081   const double inch=2.54e0;
00082   /// cm
00083   const double foot=3.048e1;
00084   /// cm
00085   const double yard=9.144e1;
00086   /// cm
00087   const double mile=1.609344e5;
00088   /// cm
00089   const double nautical_mile=1.852e5;
00090   /// cm
00091   const double fathom=1.8288e2;
00092   /// cm
00093   const double mil=2.54e-3;
00094   /// cm
00095   const double point=3.52777777778e-2;
00096   /// cm
00097   const double texpoint=3.51459803515e-2;
00098   /// cm
00099   const double micron=1e-4;
00100   /// cm
00101   const double angstrom=1e-8;
00102   /// cm^2
00103   const double hectare=1e8;
00104   /// cm^2
00105   const double acre=4.04685642241e7;
00106   /// cm^2
00107   const double barn=1e-24;
00108   /// cm^3
00109   const double liter=1e3;
00110   /// cm^3
00111   const double us_gallon=3.78541178402e3;
00112   /// cm^3
00113   const double quart=9.46352946004e2;
00114   /// cm^3
00115   const double pint=4.73176473002e2;
00116   /// cm^3
00117   const double cup=2.36588236501e2;
00118   /// cm^3
00119   const double fluid_ounce=2.95735295626e1;
00120   /// cm^3
00121   const double tablespoon=1.47867647813e1;
00122   /// cm^3
00123   const double teaspoon=4.92892159375e0;
00124   /// cm^3
00125   const double canadian_gallon=4.54609e3;
00126   /// cm^3
00127   const double uk_gallon=4.546092e3;
00128   /// cm / s
00129   const double miles_per_hour=4.4704e1;
00130   /// cm / s
00131   const double kilometers_per_hour=2.77777777778e1;
00132   /// cm / s
00133   const double knot=5.14444444444e1;
00134   /// g
00135   const double pound_mass=4.5359237e2;
00136   /// g
00137   const double ounce_mass=2.8349523125e1;
00138   /// g
00139   const double ton=9.0718474e5;
00140   /// g
00141   const double metric_ton=1e6;
00142   /// g
00143   const double uk_ton=1.0160469088e6;
00144   /// g
00145   const double troy_ounce=3.1103475e1;
00146   /// g
00147   const double carat=2e-1;
00148   /// g
00149   //const double unified_atomic_mass=1.66053873e-24;
00150   const double unified_atomic_mass=1.660538921e-24;
00151   /// cm g / s^2
00152   const double gram_force=9.80665e2;
00153   /// cm g / s^2
00154   const double pound_force=4.44822161526e5;
00155   /// cm g / s^2
00156   const double kilopound_force=4.44822161526e8;
00157   /// cm g / s^2
00158   const double poundal=1.38255e4;
00159   /// g cm^2 / s^2
00160   const double calorie=4.1868e7;
00161   /// g cm^2 / s^2
00162   const double btu=1.05505585262e10;
00163   /// g cm^2 / s^2
00164   const double therm=1.05506e15;
00165   /// g cm^2 / s^3
00166   const double horsepower=7.457e9;
00167   /// g / cm s^2
00168   const double bar=1e6;
00169   /// g / cm s^2
00170   const double std_atmosphere=1.01325e6;
00171   /// g / cm s^2
00172   const double torr=1.33322368421e3;
00173   /// g / cm s^2
00174   const double meter_of_mercury=1.33322368421e6;
00175   /// g / cm s^2
00176   const double inch_of_mercury=3.38638815789e4;
00177   /// g / cm s^2
00178   const double inch_of_water=2.490889e3;
00179   /// g / cm s^2
00180   const double psi=6.89475729317e4;
00181   /// g / cm s
00182   const double poise=1e0;
00183   /// cm^2 / s
00184   const double stokes=1e0;
00185   /// cd / cm^2
00186   const double stilb=1e0;
00187   /// cd sr
00188   const double lumen=1e0;
00189   /// cd sr / cm^2
00190   const double lux=1e-4;
00191   /// cd sr / cm^2
00192   const double phot=1e0;
00193   /// cd sr / cm^2
00194   const double footcandle=1.076e-3;
00195   /// cd sr / cm^2
00196   const double lambert=1e0;
00197   /// cd sr / cm^2
00198   const double footlambert=1.07639104e-3;
00199   /// 1 / s
00200   const double curie=3.7e10;
00201   /// A s / g
00202   const double roentgen=2.58e-7;
00203   /// cm^2 / s^2
00204   const double rad=1e2;
00205   /// g
00206   const double solar_mass=1.98892e33;
00207   /// cm
00208   const double bohr_radius=5.291772083e-9;
00209   /// cm g / s^2
00210   const double newton=1e5;
00211   /// cm g / s^2
00212   const double dyne=1e0;
00213   /// g cm^2 / s^2
00214   const double joule=1e7;
00215   /// g cm^2 / s^2
00216   const double erg=1e0;
00217   /// g / K^4 s^3
00218   const double stefan_boltzmann_constant=5.67039934436e-5;
00219   /// cm^2
00220   const double thomson_cross_section=6.65245853542e-25;
00221 }
00222 
00223 /** \brief GSL constants in CGSM units
00224 */
00225 namespace gsl_cgsm {
00226   /// cm
00227   const double schwarzchild_radius=2.95325008e5;
00228   /// cm / s
00229   const double speed_of_light=2.99792458e10;
00230   /// cm^3 / g s^2
00231   const double gravitational_constant=6.67384e-8;
00232   /// g cm^2 / s
00233   const double plancks_constant_h=6.62606876e-27;
00234   /// g cm^2 / s
00235   const double plancks_constant_hbar=1.054571726e-27;
00236   /// cm
00237   const double astronomical_unit=1.49597870691e13;
00238   /// cm
00239   const double light_year=9.46053620707e17;
00240   /// cm
00241   const double parsec=3.08567758135e18;
00242   /// cm / s^2
00243   const double grav_accel=9.80665e2;
00244   /// g cm^2 / s^2
00245   const double electron_volt=1.602176487e-12;
00246   /// g
00247   const double mass_electron=9.10938291e-28;
00248   /// g
00249   const double mass_muon=1.88353109e-25;
00250   /// g
00251   const double mass_proton=1.672621777e-24;
00252   /// g
00253   const double mass_neutron=1.674927351e-24;
00254   /// g cm^2 / s^2
00255   const double rydberg=2.17987190389e-11;
00256   /// g cm^2 / K s^2
00257   const double boltzmann=1.3806503e-16;
00258   /// abamp cm^2
00259   const double electron_magnetic_moment=9.28476362e-21;
00260   /// abamp cm^2
00261   const double proton_magnetic_moment=1.410606633e-23;
00262   /// g cm^2 / K mol s^2
00263   const double molar_gas=8.314472e7;
00264   /// cm^3 / mol
00265   const double standard_gas_volume=2.2710981e4;
00266   /// s
00267   const double minute=6e1;
00268   /// s
00269   const double hour=3.6e3;
00270   /// s
00271   const double day=8.64e4;
00272   /// s
00273   const double week=6.048e5;
00274   /// cm
00275   const double inch=2.54e0;
00276   /// cm
00277   const double foot=3.048e1;
00278   /// cm
00279   const double yard=9.144e1;
00280   /// cm
00281   const double mile=1.609344e5;
00282   /// cm
00283   const double nautical_mile=1.852e5;
00284   /// cm
00285   const double fathom=1.8288e2;
00286   /// cm
00287   const double mil=2.54e-3;
00288   /// cm
00289   const double point=3.52777777778e-2;
00290   /// cm
00291   const double texpoint=3.51459803515e-2;
00292   /// cm
00293   const double micron=1e-4;
00294   /// cm
00295   const double angstrom=1e-8;
00296   /// cm^2
00297   const double hectare=1e8;
00298   /// cm^2
00299   const double acre=4.04685642241e7;
00300   /// cm^2
00301   const double barn=1e-24;
00302   /// cm^3
00303   const double liter=1e3;
00304   /// cm^3
00305   const double us_gallon=3.78541178402e3;
00306   /// cm^3
00307   const double quart=9.46352946004e2;
00308   /// cm^3
00309   const double pint=4.73176473002e2;
00310   /// cm^3
00311   const double cup=2.36588236501e2;
00312   /// cm^3
00313   const double fluid_ounce=2.95735295626e1;
00314   /// cm^3
00315   const double tablespoon=1.47867647813e1;
00316   /// cm^3
00317   const double teaspoon=4.92892159375e0;
00318   /// cm^3
00319   const double canadian_gallon=4.54609e3;
00320   /// cm^3
00321   const double uk_gallon=4.546092e3;
00322   /// cm / s
00323   const double miles_per_hour=4.4704e1;
00324   /// cm / s
00325   const double kilometers_per_hour=2.77777777778e1;
00326   /// cm / s
00327   const double knot=5.14444444444e1;
00328   /// g
00329   const double pound_mass=4.5359237e2;
00330   /// g
00331   const double ounce_mass=2.8349523125e1;
00332   /// g
00333   const double ton=9.0718474e5;
00334   /// g
00335   const double metric_ton=1e6;
00336   /// g
00337   const double uk_ton=1.0160469088e6;
00338   /// g
00339   const double troy_ounce=3.1103475e1;
00340   /// g
00341   const double carat=2e-1;
00342   /// g
00343   //const double unified_atomic_mass=1.66053873e-24;
00344   const double unified_atomic_mass=1.660538921e-24;
00345   /// cm g / s^2
00346   const double gram_force=9.80665e2;
00347   /// cm g / s^2
00348   const double pound_force=4.44822161526e5;
00349   /// cm g / s^2
00350   const double kilopound_force=4.44822161526e8;
00351   /// cm g / s^2
00352   const double poundal=1.38255e4;
00353   /// g cm^2 / s^2
00354   const double calorie=4.1868e7;
00355   /// g cm^2 / s^2
00356   const double btu=1.05505585262e10;
00357   /// g cm^2 / s^2
00358   const double therm=1.05506e15;
00359   /// g cm^2 / s^3
00360   const double horsepower=7.457e9;
00361   /// g / cm s^2
00362   const double bar=1e6;
00363   /// g / cm s^2
00364   const double std_atmosphere=1.01325e6;
00365   /// g / cm s^2
00366   const double torr=1.33322368421e3;
00367   /// g / cm s^2
00368   const double meter_of_mercury=1.33322368421e6;
00369   /// g / cm s^2
00370   const double inch_of_mercury=3.38638815789e4;
00371   /// g / cm s^2
00372   const double inch_of_water=2.490889e3;
00373   /// g / cm s^2
00374   const double psi=6.89475729317e4;
00375   /// g / cm s
00376   const double poise=1e0;
00377   /// cm^2 / s
00378   const double stokes=1e0;
00379   /// abamp s / mol
00380   const double faraday=9.64853429775e3;
00381   /// abamp s
00382   const double electron_charge=1.602176565e-20;
00383   /// cd / cm^2
00384   const double stilb=1e0;
00385   /// cd sr
00386   const double lumen=1e0;
00387   /// cd sr / cm^2
00388   const double lux=1e-4;
00389   /// cd sr / cm^2
00390   const double phot=1e0;
00391   /// cd sr / cm^2
00392   const double footcandle=1.076e-3;
00393   /// cd sr / cm^2
00394   const double lambert=1e0;
00395   /// cd sr / cm^2
00396   const double footlambert=1.07639104e-3;
00397   /// 1 / s
00398   const double curie=3.7e10;
00399   /// abamp s / g
00400   const double roentgen=2.58e-8;
00401   /// cm^2 / s^2
00402   const double rad=1e2;
00403   /// g
00404   const double solar_mass=1.98892e33;
00405   /// cm
00406   const double bohr_radius=5.291772083e-9;
00407   /// cm g / s^2
00408   const double newton=1e5;
00409   /// cm g / s^2
00410   const double dyne=1e0;
00411   /// g cm^2 / s^2
00412   const double joule=1e7;
00413   /// g cm^2 / s^2
00414   const double erg=1e0;
00415   /// g / K^4 s^3
00416   const double stefan_boltzmann_constant=5.67039934436e-5;
00417   /// cm^2
00418   const double thomson_cross_section=6.65245853542e-25;
00419   /// abamp cm^2
00420   const double bohr_magneton=9.27400899e-21;
00421   /// abamp cm^2
00422   const double nuclear_magneton=5.05078317e-24;
00423 
00424 }
00425 
00426 /** \brief GSL constants in MKS units
00427 */
00428 namespace gsl_mks {
00429   /// m
00430   const double schwarzchild_radius=2.95325008e3;
00431   /// m / s
00432   const double speed_of_light=2.99792458e8;
00433   /// m^3 / kg s^2
00434   const double gravitational_constant=6.67384e-11;
00435   /// kg m^2 / s
00436   const double plancks_constant_h=6.62606876e-34;
00437   /// kg m^2 / s
00438   const double plancks_constant_hbar=1.054571726e-34;
00439   /// m
00440   const double astronomical_unit=1.49597870691e11;
00441   /// m
00442   const double light_year=9.46053620707e15;
00443   /// m
00444   const double parsec=3.08567758135e16;
00445   /// m / s^2
00446   const double grav_accel=9.80665e0;
00447   /// kg m^2 / s^2
00448   const double electron_volt=1.602176487e-19;
00449   /// kg
00450   const double mass_electron=9.10938291e-31;
00451   /// kg
00452   const double mass_muon=1.88353109e-28;
00453   /// kg
00454   const double mass_proton=1.672621777e-27;
00455   /// kg
00456   const double mass_neutron=1.674927351e-27;
00457   /// kg m^2 / s^2
00458   const double rydberg=2.17987190389e-18;
00459   /// kg m^2 / K s^2
00460   const double boltzmann=1.3806503e-23;
00461   /// A m^2
00462   const double bohr_magneton=9.27400899e-24;
00463   /// A m^2
00464   const double nuclear_magneton=5.05078317e-27;
00465   /// A m^2
00466   const double electron_magnetic_moment=9.28476362e-24;
00467   /// A m^2
00468   const double proton_magnetic_moment=1.410606633e-26;
00469   /// kg m^2 / K mol s^2
00470   const double molar_gas=8.314472e0;
00471   /// m^3 / mol
00472   const double standard_gas_volume=2.2710981e-2;
00473   /// s
00474   const double minute=6e1;
00475   /// s
00476   const double hour=3.6e3;
00477   /// s
00478   const double day=8.64e4;
00479   /// s
00480   const double week=6.048e5;
00481   /// m
00482   const double inch=2.54e-2;
00483   /// m
00484   const double foot=3.048e-1;
00485   /// m
00486   const double yard=9.144e-1;
00487   /// m
00488   const double mile=1.609344e3;
00489   /// m
00490   const double nautical_mile=1.852e3;
00491   /// m
00492   const double fathom=1.8288e0;
00493   /// m
00494   const double mil=2.54e-5;
00495   /// m
00496   const double point=3.52777777778e-4;
00497   /// m
00498   const double texpoint=3.51459803515e-4;
00499   /// m
00500   const double micron=1e-6;
00501   /// m
00502   const double angstrom=1e-10;
00503   /// m^2
00504   const double hectare=1e4;
00505   /// m^2
00506   const double acre=4.04685642241e3;
00507   /// m^2
00508   const double barn=1e-28;
00509   /// m^3
00510   const double liter=1e-3;
00511   /// m^3
00512   const double us_gallon=3.78541178402e-3;
00513   /// m^3
00514   const double quart=9.46352946004e-4;
00515   /// m^3
00516   const double pint=4.73176473002e-4;
00517   /// m^3
00518   const double cup=2.36588236501e-4;
00519   /// m^3
00520   const double fluid_ounce=2.95735295626e-5;
00521   /// m^3
00522   const double tablespoon=1.47867647813e-5;
00523   /// m^3
00524   const double teaspoon=4.92892159375e-6;
00525   /// m^3
00526   const double canadian_gallon=4.54609e-3;
00527   /// m^3
00528   const double uk_gallon=4.546092e-3;
00529   /// m / s
00530   const double miles_per_hour=4.4704e-1;
00531   /// m / s
00532   const double kilometers_per_hour=2.77777777778e-1;
00533   /// m / s
00534   const double knot=5.14444444444e-1;
00535   /// kg
00536   const double pound_mass=4.5359237e-1;
00537   /// kg
00538   const double ounce_mass=2.8349523125e-2;
00539   /// kg
00540   const double ton=9.0718474e2;
00541   /// kg
00542   const double metric_ton=1e3;
00543   /// kg
00544   const double uk_ton=1.0160469088e3;
00545   /// kg
00546   const double troy_ounce=3.1103475e-2;
00547   /// kg
00548   const double carat=2e-4;
00549   /// kg
00550   //const double unified_atomic_mass=1.66053873e-27;
00551   const double unified_atomic_mass=1.660538921e-27;
00552   /// kg m / s^2
00553   const double gram_force=9.80665e-3;
00554   /// kg m / s^2
00555   const double pound_force=4.44822161526e0;
00556   /// kg m / s^2
00557   const double kilopound_force=4.44822161526e3;
00558   /// kg m / s^2
00559   const double poundal=1.38255e-1;
00560   /// kg m^2 / s^2
00561   const double calorie=4.1868e0;
00562   /// kg m^2 / s^2
00563   const double btu=1.05505585262e3;
00564   /// kg m^2 / s^2
00565   const double therm=1.05506e8;
00566   /// kg m^2 / s^3
00567   const double horsepower=7.457e2;
00568   /// kg / m s^2
00569   const double bar=1e5;
00570   /// kg / m s^2
00571   const double std_atmosphere=1.01325e5;
00572   /// kg / m s^2
00573   const double torr=1.33322368421e2;
00574   /// kg / m s^2
00575   const double meter_of_mercury=1.33322368421e5;
00576   /// kg / m s^2
00577   const double inch_of_mercury=3.38638815789e3;
00578   /// kg / m s^2
00579   const double inch_of_water=2.490889e2;
00580   /// kg / m s^2
00581   const double psi=6.89475729317e3;
00582   /// kg m^-1 s^-1
00583   const double poise=1e-1;
00584   /// m^2 / s
00585   const double stokes=1e-4;
00586   /// A s / mol
00587   const double faraday=9.64853429775e4;
00588   /// A s
00589   const double electron_charge=1.602176565e-19;
00590   /// kg / A s^2
00591   const double gauss=1e-4;
00592   /// cd / m^2
00593   const double stilb=1e4;
00594   /// cd sr
00595   const double lumen=1e0;
00596   /// cd sr / m^2
00597   const double lux=1e0;
00598   /// cd sr / m^2
00599   const double phot=1e4;
00600   /// cd sr / m^2
00601   const double footcandle=1.076e1;
00602   /// cd sr / m^2
00603   const double lambert=1e4;
00604   /// cd sr / m^2
00605   const double footlambert=1.07639104e1;
00606   /// 1 / s
00607   const double curie=3.7e10;
00608   /// A s / kg
00609   const double roentgen=2.58e-4;
00610   /// m^2 / s^2
00611   const double rad=1e-2;
00612   /// kg
00613   const double solar_mass=1.98892e30;
00614   /// m
00615   const double bohr_radius=5.291772083e-11;
00616   /// kg m / s^2
00617   const double newton=1e0;
00618   /// kg m / s^2
00619   const double dyne=1e-5;
00620   /// kg m^2 / s^2
00621   const double joule=1e0;
00622   /// kg m^2 / s^2
00623   const double erg=1e-7;
00624   /// kg / K^4 s^3
00625   const double stefan_boltzmann_constant=5.67039934436e-8;
00626   /// m^2
00627   const double thomson_cross_section=6.65245853542e-29;
00628   /// A^2 s^4 / kg m^3
00629   const double vacuum_permittivity=8.854187817e-12;
00630   /// kg m / A^2 s^2
00631   const double vacuum_permeability=1.25663706144e-6;
00632 }
00633 
00634 /** \brief GSL constants in MKSA units
00635 */
00636 namespace gsl_mksa {
00637   /// m
00638   const double schwarzchild_radius=2.95325008e3;
00639   /// m / s
00640   const double speed_of_light=2.99792458e8;
00641   /// m^3 / kg s^2
00642   const double gravitational_constant=6.67384e-11;
00643   /// kg m^2 / s
00644   const double plancks_constant_h=6.62606876e-34;
00645   /// kg m^2 / s
00646   const double plancks_constant_hbar=1.054571726e-34;
00647   /// m
00648   const double astronomical_unit=1.49597870691e11;
00649   /// m
00650   const double light_year=9.46053620707e15;
00651   /// m
00652   const double parsec=3.08567758135e16;
00653   /// m / s^2
00654   const double grav_accel=9.80665e0;
00655   /// kg m^2 / s^2
00656   const double electron_volt=1.602176487e-19;
00657   /// kg
00658   const double mass_electron=9.10938291e-31;
00659   /// kg
00660   const double mass_muon=1.88353109e-28;
00661   /// kg
00662   const double mass_proton=1.672621777e-27;
00663   /// kg
00664   const double mass_neutron=1.674927351e-27;
00665   /// kg m^2 / s^2
00666   const double rydberg=2.17987190389e-18;
00667   /// kg m^2 / K s^2
00668   const double boltzmann=1.3806503e-23;
00669   /// A m^2
00670   const double bohr_magneton=9.27400899e-24;
00671   /// A m^2
00672   const double nuclear_magneton=5.05078317e-27;
00673   /// A m^2
00674   const double electron_magnetic_moment=9.28476362e-24;
00675   /// A m^2
00676   const double proton_magnetic_moment=1.410606633e-26;
00677   /// kg m^2 / K mol s^2
00678   const double molar_gas=8.314472e0;
00679   /// m^3 / mol
00680   const double standard_gas_volume=2.2710981e-2;
00681   /// s
00682   const double minute=6e1;
00683   /// s
00684   const double hour=3.6e3;
00685   /// s
00686   const double day=8.64e4;
00687   /// s
00688   const double week=6.048e5;
00689   /// m
00690   const double inch=2.54e-2;
00691   /// m
00692   const double foot=3.048e-1;
00693   /// m
00694   const double yard=9.144e-1;
00695   /// m
00696   const double mile=1.609344e3;
00697   /// m
00698   const double nautical_mile=1.852e3;
00699   /// m
00700   const double fathom=1.8288e0;
00701   /// m
00702   const double mil=2.54e-5;
00703   /// m
00704   const double point=3.52777777778e-4;
00705   /// m
00706   const double texpoint=3.51459803515e-4;
00707   /// m
00708   const double micron=1e-6;
00709   /// m
00710   const double angstrom=1e-10;
00711   /// m^2
00712   const double hectare=1e4;
00713   /// m^2
00714   const double acre=4.04685642241e3;
00715   /// m^2
00716   const double barn=1e-28;
00717   /// m^3
00718   const double liter=1e-3;
00719   /// m^3
00720   const double us_gallon=3.78541178402e-3;
00721   /// m^3
00722   const double quart=9.46352946004e-4;
00723   /// m^3
00724   const double pint=4.73176473002e-4;
00725   /// m^3
00726   const double cup=2.36588236501e-4;
00727   /// m^3
00728   const double fluid_ounce=2.95735295626e-5;
00729   /// m^3
00730   const double tablespoon=1.47867647813e-5;
00731   /// m^3
00732   const double teaspoon=4.92892159375e-6;
00733   /// m^3
00734   const double canadian_gallon=4.54609e-3;
00735   /// m^3
00736   const double uk_gallon=4.546092e-3;
00737   /// m / s
00738   const double miles_per_hour=4.4704e-1;
00739   /// m / s
00740   const double kilometers_per_hour=2.77777777778e-1;
00741   /// m / s
00742   const double knot=5.14444444444e-1;
00743   /// kg
00744   const double pound_mass=4.5359237e-1;
00745   /// kg
00746   const double ounce_mass=2.8349523125e-2;
00747   /// kg
00748   const double ton=9.0718474e2;
00749   /// kg
00750   const double metric_ton=1e3;
00751   /// kg
00752   const double uk_ton=1.0160469088e3;
00753   /// kg
00754   const double troy_ounce=3.1103475e-2;
00755   /// kg
00756   const double carat=2e-4;
00757   /// kg
00758   //const double unified_atomic_mass=1.66053873e-27;
00759   const double unified_atomic_mass=1.660538921e-27;
00760   /// kg m / s^2
00761   const double gram_force=9.80665e-3;
00762   /// kg m / s^2
00763   const double pound_force=4.44822161526e0;
00764   /// kg m / s^2
00765   const double kilopound_force=4.44822161526e3;
00766   /// kg m / s^2
00767   const double poundal=1.38255e-1;
00768   /// kg m^2 / s^2
00769   const double calorie=4.1868e0;
00770   /// kg m^2 / s^2
00771   const double btu=1.05505585262e3;
00772   /// kg m^2 / s^2
00773   const double therm=1.05506e8;
00774   /// kg m^2 / s^3
00775   const double horsepower=7.457e2;
00776   /// kg / m s^2
00777   const double bar=1e5;
00778   /// kg / m s^2
00779   const double std_atmosphere=1.01325e5;
00780   /// kg / m s^2
00781   const double torr=1.33322368421e2;
00782   /// kg / m s^2
00783   const double meter_of_mercury=1.33322368421e5;
00784   /// kg / m s^2
00785   const double inch_of_mercury=3.38638815789e3;
00786   /// kg / m s^2
00787   const double inch_of_water=2.490889e2;
00788   /// kg / m s^2
00789   const double psi=6.89475729317e3;
00790   /// kg m^-1 s^-1
00791   const double poise=1e-1;
00792   /// m^2 / s
00793   const double stokes=1e-4;
00794   /// A s / mol
00795   const double faraday=9.64853429775e4;
00796   /// A s
00797   const double electron_charge=1.602176565e-19;
00798   /// kg / A s^2
00799   const double gauss=1e-4;
00800   /// cd / m^2
00801   const double stilb=1e4;
00802   /// cd sr
00803   const double lumen=1e0;
00804   /// cd sr / m^2
00805   const double lux=1e0;
00806   /// cd sr / m^2
00807   const double phot=1e4;
00808   /// cd sr / m^2
00809   const double footcandle=1.076e1;
00810   /// cd sr / m^2
00811   const double lambert=1e4;
00812   /// cd sr / m^2
00813   const double footlambert=1.07639104e1;
00814   /// 1 / s
00815   const double curie=3.7e10;
00816   /// A s / kg
00817   const double roentgen=2.58e-4;
00818   /// m^2 / s^2
00819   const double rad=1e-2;
00820   /// kg
00821   const double solar_mass=1.98892e30;
00822   /// m
00823   const double bohr_radius=5.291772083e-11;
00824   /// kg m / s^2
00825   const double newton=1e0;
00826   /// kg m / s^2
00827   const double dyne=1e-5;
00828   /// kg m^2 / s^2
00829   const double joule=1e0;
00830   /// kg m^2 / s^2
00831   const double erg=1e-7;
00832   /// kg / K^4 s^3
00833   const double stefan_boltzmann_constant=5.67039934436e-8;
00834   /// m^2
00835   const double thomson_cross_section=6.65245853542e-29;
00836   /// A^2 s^4 / kg m^3
00837   const double vacuum_permittivity=8.854187817e-12;
00838   /// kg m / A^2 s^2
00839   const double vacuum_permeability=1.25663706144e-6;
00840 }
00841 
00842 /** \brief GSL numerical constants
00843  */
00844 namespace gsl_num {
00845   const double yotta=1e24;
00846   const double zetta=1e21;
00847   const double exa=1e18;
00848   const double peta=1e15;
00849   const double tera=1e12;
00850   const double giga=1e9;
00851   const double mega=1e6;
00852   const double kilo=1e3;
00853   const double milli=1e-3;
00854   const double micro=1e-6;
00855   const double nano=1e-9;
00856   const double pico=1e-12;
00857   const double femto=1e-15;
00858   const double atto=1e-18;
00859   const double zepto=1e-21;
00860   const double yocto=1e-24;
00861 
00862   /** \brief Fine structure constant (updated from 
00863       http://physics.nist.gov/cuu/Constants)
00864   */
00865   const double fine_structure=7.2973525376e-3;
00866   /** \brief Avogadro's number (updated from 
00867       http://physics.nist.gov/cuu/Constants)
00868   */
00869   const double avogadro=6.02214179e23;
00870 }
00871 
00872 /** \brief O2scl constants
00873  */
00874 namespace o2scl_const {
00875 
00876   const double gsl_posinf=GSL_POSINF;
00877   const double gsl_neginf=GSL_NEGINF;
00878 
00879   /// \f$ \pi \f$ 
00880   const double pi=acos(-1.0);
00881   /// \f$ \pi^2 \f$ 
00882   const double pi2=pi*pi;
00883   /// \f$ \zeta(3/2) \f$
00884   const double zeta32=2.6123753486854883433;
00885   /// \f$ \zeta(2) \f$
00886   const double zeta2=1.6449340668482264365;
00887   /// \f$ \zeta(5/2) \f$
00888   const double zeta52=1.3414872572509171798;
00889   /// \f$ \zeta(3) \f$
00890   const double zeta3=1.2020569031595942854;
00891   /// \f$ \zeta(5) \f$
00892   const double zeta5=1.0369277551433699263;
00893   /// \f$ \zeta(7) \f$
00894 
00895   const double zeta7=1.0083492773819228268;
00896 
00897   /** \name Particle Physics Booklet 
00898 
00899       (see also D.E. Groom, et. al., Euro. Phys. J. C 15 (2000) 1.)
00900   */
00901   //@{
00902   /// \f$ \sin^2 \theta_W \f$
00903   const double sin2_theta_weak=0.2224;
00904   /// 1 MeV in kg
00905   const double mev_kg=1.782661731e-30; 
00906   /// 1 MeV in \f$ g \cdot cm^2 / s^2 \f$ (ergs)
00907   const double mev_cgs=1.60217733e-6; 
00908   /// 1 MeV in Kelvin
00909   const double boltzmann_mev_K=8.617342e-11; 
00910 
00911   // This was removed because it's just a duplicate of a 
00912   // GSL constant above
00913   // 
00914   // 1 eV in \f$ kg \cdot m^2 /s^2 \f$ (Joules)
00915   // const double ev_mks=1.602176487e-19; 
00916   // 
00917 
00918   //@}
00919 
00920   /** \name From http://physics.nist.gov/cuu/Constants (7/27/11)
00921    */
00922   //@{
00923   /// \f$ \hbar c \f$ in MeV fm
00924   const double hc_mev_fm=197.3269718; 
00925   /// Fermi coupling constant (\f$ G_F \f$) in \f$ GeV^{-2} \f$
00926   const double gfermi_gev=1.166364e-5; 
00927   /// \f$ \hbar c \f$ in MeV cm
00928   const double hc_mev_cm=1.973269718e-11; 
00929   //@}
00930 
00931   /** \name Squared electron charge
00932    */
00933   //@{
00934   /** \brief Electron charge squared in Gaussian units
00935 
00936       In Gaussian Units:
00937       \f{eqnarray*}
00938       &\vec{\nabla} \cdot \vec{E} = 4 \pi \rho \, ,
00939       \quad
00940       \vec{E}=-\vec{\nabla} \Phi \, ,
00941       \quad
00942       \nabla^2 \Phi = - 4 \pi \rho \, ,
00943       &\\&
00944       F=\frac{q_1 q_2}{r^2} \, ,
00945       \quad
00946       W=\frac{1}{2} \int \rho V d^3 x
00947       =\frac{1}{8 \pi} \int | \vec{E} |^2 d^3 x \, ,
00948       \quad 
00949       \alpha=\frac{e^2}{\hbar c}=\frac{1}{137}&
00950       \f}
00951   */
00952   const double e2_gaussian=o2scl_const::hc_mev_fm*gsl_num::fine_structure;
00953   /** \brief Electron charge sqaured in 
00954       Heaviside-Lorentz units where \f$\hbar=c=1\f$.
00955 
00956       In Heaviside-Lorentz units:
00957       \f{eqnarray*}
00958       &\vec{\nabla} \cdot \vec{E} = \rho \, ,
00959       \quad
00960       \vec{E}=-\vec{\nabla} \Phi \, ,
00961       \quad
00962       \nabla^2 \Phi = - \rho \, ,
00963       &\\&
00964       F=\frac{q_1 q_2}{4 \pi r^2} \, ,
00965       \quad
00966       W=\frac{1}{2} \int \rho V d^3 x
00967       =\frac{1}{2} \int | \vec{E} |^2 d^3 x \, ,
00968       \quad
00969       \alpha=\frac{e^2}{4 \pi}=\frac{1}{137}&
00970       \f}
00971   */      
00972   const double e2_hlorentz=gsl_num::fine_structure*4.0*pi;
00973   /** \brief Electron charge squared in SI(MKSA) units
00974 
00975       In MKSA units:
00976       \f{eqnarray*}
00977       &\vec{\nabla} \cdot \vec{E} = \rho \, ,
00978       \quad
00979       \vec{E}=-\vec{\nabla} \Phi \, ,
00980       \quad
00981       \nabla^2 \Phi = - \rho \, ,
00982       &\\&
00983       F=\frac{1}{4 \pi \varepsilon_0}\frac{q_1 q_2}{r^2} \, ,
00984       \quad
00985       W=\frac{1}{2} \int \rho V d^3 x
00986       =\frac{\varepsilon_0}{2} \int | \vec{E} |^2 d^3 x \, ,
00987       \quad
00988       \alpha=\frac{e^2}{4 \pi \varepsilon_0 \hbar c}=\frac{1}{137}&
00989       \f}
00990 
00991       Note the conversion formulas
00992       \f[
00993       q_HL=\sqrt{4 \pi} q_G = \frac{1}{\sqrt{\varepsilon_0}} q_{SI}
00994       \f]
00995       as mentioned in pg. 13 of D. Griffiths Intro to Elem. Particles.
00996   */      
00997   const double e2_mksa=gsl_mksa::electron_charge;
00998   //@}
00999 
01000 }
01001 
01002 /** \brief Constants in units of fm
01003     
01004     In nuclear physics is frequently convenient to work in units of
01005     \f$\mathrm{fm}\f$ with \f$\hbar=c=k_B=1\f$. Several useful
01006     constants are given here.
01007 
01008     For example, \ref mev gives 1 \f$\mathrm{MeV}\f$ in units of
01009     \f$\mathrm{fm}^{-1}\f$ (the solution to the equation \f$ 1
01010     \mathrm{MeV} = x~\mathrm{fm}^{-1}\f$). If you have a number in
01011     \f$\mathrm{MeV}\f$, you can multiply by \ref mev to get a number
01012     in units of \f$\mathrm{fm}^{-1}\f$. Alternatively, \ref mev is a
01013     number with units \f$\mathrm{MeV}^{-1}\cdot\mathrm{fm}^{-1}\f$.
01014     These can be combined, so that \ref erg divided by \ref sec is
01015     1 \f$\mathrm{erg/sec}\f$ in units of \f$\mathrm{fm}^{-2}\f$.
01016     
01017     /todo Make e.g. neutron mass consistent with the GSL ones
01018     somehow. 
01019 */
01020 namespace o2scl_fm {
01021 
01022   /** \name From http://physics.nist.gov/cuu/index.html (7/27/11)
01023    */
01024   //@{
01025   /// Neutron mass in \f$ \mathrm{fm}^{-1} \f$
01026   const double mass_neutron=939.565379/o2scl_const::hc_mev_fm;
01027   /// Proton mass in \f$ \mathrm{fm}^{-1} \f$
01028   const double mass_proton=938.272046/o2scl_const::hc_mev_fm; 
01029   /// Electron mass in \f$ \mathrm{fm}^{-1} \f$
01030   const double mass_electron=0.510998928/o2scl_const::hc_mev_fm; 
01031   /// Muon mass in \f$ \mathrm{fm}^{-1} \f$
01032   const double mass_muon=105.6583715/o2scl_const::hc_mev_fm;
01033   /// Atomic mass unit in \f$ \mathrm{fm}^{-1} \f$
01034   const double mass_amu=931.494061/o2scl_const::hc_mev_fm; 
01035   /** \brief Alpha particle mass in \f$ \mathrm{fm}^{-1} \f$
01036 
01037       This does not include the mass of the additional two electrons
01038       which are present in a helium atom.
01039   */
01040   const double mass_alpha=3727.379240/o2scl_const::hc_mev_fm;
01041   //@}
01042 
01043   /** \name Masses from Particle Physics Booklet 
01044 
01045       (see also D.E. Groom, et. al., Euro. Phys. J. C 15 (2000) 1.)
01046   */
01047   //@{
01048   /// \f$\Lambda\f$ mass in \f$ \mathrm{fm}^{-1} \f$
01049   const double mass_lambda=1115.683/o2scl_const::hc_mev_fm;
01050   /// \f$\Sigma^{-}\f$ mass in \f$ \mathrm{fm}^{-1} \f$
01051   const double mass_sigmam=1197.45/o2scl_const::hc_mev_fm;
01052   /// \f$\Sigma^{0}\f$ mass in \f$ \mathrm{fm}^{-1} \f$
01053   const double mass_sigma=1192.642/o2scl_const::hc_mev_fm;
01054   /// \f$\Sigma^{+}\f$ mass in \f$ \mathrm{fm}^{-1} \f$
01055   const double mass_sigmap=1189.37/o2scl_const::hc_mev_fm;
01056   /// \f$\Xi^{-}\f$ mass in \f$ \mathrm{fm}^{-1} \f$
01057   const double mass_cascadem=1321.3/o2scl_const::hc_mev_fm;
01058   /// \f$\Xi^{0}\f$ mass in \f$ \mathrm{fm}^{-1} \f$
01059   const double mass_cascade=1314.8/o2scl_const::hc_mev_fm;
01060   /// \f$\omega\f$ mass in \f$ \mathrm{fm}^{-1} \f$
01061   const double mass_omega=782.57/o2scl_const::hc_mev_fm;
01062   /// \f$\rho\f$ mass in \f$ \mathrm{fm}^{-1} \f$
01063   const double mass_rho=769.3/o2scl_const::hc_mev_fm;
01064   //@}
01065 
01066 
01067   /// 1 \f$\mathrm{MeV}\f$ in \f$\mathrm{fm}^{-1}\f$
01068   const double mev=1.0/o2scl_const::hc_mev_fm;
01069 
01070   /// 1 \f$\mathrm{kg}\f$ in \f$\mathrm{fm}^{-1}\f$
01071   const double kg=mev*5.60958885e29;
01072 
01073   /// 1 \f$\mathrm{Kelvin}\f$ in \f$\mathrm{fm}^{-1}\f$
01074   const double Kelvin=8.6173324e-11*mev;
01075 
01076   /// 1 \f$\mathrm{Joule}\f$ in \f$\mathrm{fm}^{-1}\f$
01077   const double joule=kg/gsl_mks::speed_of_light/gsl_mks::speed_of_light;
01078 
01079   /// 1 \f$M_{\odot}/km^{3}\f$ in \f$\mathrm{fm}^{-4}\f$
01080   const double msun_per_km3=gsl_mks::solar_mass/1.0e54*kg; 
01081   
01082   /// 1 \f$\mathrm{erg}\f$ in \f$\mathrm{fm}^{-1}\f$
01083   const double erg=kg/1.0e3/gsl_cgs::speed_of_light/gsl_cgs::speed_of_light;
01084   
01085   /// 1 \f$\mathrm{second}\f$ in \f$\mathrm{fm}\f$
01086   const double sec=gsl_mks::speed_of_light*1.0e15;
01087   
01088   /** \brief 1 \f$\mathrm{Gauss}\f$ times the electron charge 
01089       in Gaussian units in \f$\mathrm{fm}^{-2}\f$
01090   */
01091   const double ec_gauss_fm2=gsl_mks::electron_charge*1.0e-34/
01092     gsl_mks::plancks_constant_hbar;
01093 
01094   /** \brief Conversion factor from \f$ \mathrm{Gauss}^2 \f$ to
01095       \f$\mathrm{fm}^{-4}\f$ in Gaussian units.
01096 
01097       This is useful, e.g. in converting magnetic field squared
01098       to an energy density.
01099    */
01100   const double gauss2_fm4=ec_gauss_fm2*ec_gauss_fm2/gsl_num::fine_structure;
01101 
01102 }
01103 
01104 
01105 #endif
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